Classification of types of oil
According to a general list, oil can be classified:
Geographical location of the excavation site
Amount of sulfur content
Gravity (API) is a measure of density
- The classification is based on the geographical location of the oil extraction drilling site around the world.
However, there are three primary sources that are used to rank and price other sources. Brent oil, West Texas Intermediate oil and Dubai-Oman oil.
Brent oil is a blend that comes from 15 different oil fields between Scotland and Norway in the North Sea. These oil fields supply most of Europe.
West Texas Intermediate Oil: Light crude oil is produced in the US state of Texas, which is mainly Light crude oil has very high quality, and its characteristics include density, viscosity, low specific gravity, API gravity, and high hydrocarbon breakdown. Light crude oil has some wax.
Generally, Dubai-Oman crude oil (Fateh oil): sour and light oil that is produced in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates and in the country of Oman. Dubai Oil - Recently, Oman is a reference for the pricing of oil parts to different parts of the Persian Gulf and mostly exported to Asia.
What is OPEC oil?
The OPEC international cartel is another important oil authority. OPEC is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The OPEC international cartel has considered an average price for its 12 member countries.
These countries include: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Venezuela.
- Classification based on sulfur content
Sulfur is considered as an impurity in oil. Sulfur in crude oil can lead to corrosion of metals in the refining process and thus contribute to air pollution. to oil that is more than 0.5
If it has sulfur percent, it is called sour oil, and oil with less than 0.5% sulfur is called sweet oil.
As it turns out, sweet oil is more valuable because it requires less refining and causes less damage to the environment.
- Classification based on gravity
The American Petroleum Institute (API) is a trade association for businesses related to the oil and natural gas industries. The American Petroleum Institute has established an accepted standard system for oil and gas related products, such as cylinders, pumps and drilling machines. This institution has also created different measurement units. To
For example, the unit (API) is an indicator for measuring the amount of gamma radiation of the drill rod.
API gravity is also an index to measure the density of liquid crude oil compared to water. If the PI gravity of crude oil is greater than 10, it is called "light oil"; Light oil floats on water. But if this index is smaller than 10, this oil is submerged in water and it is also called "heavy oil".
In general, light oil is preferred, because its hydrocarbons have a higher efficiency. But heavy oil has higher concentrations of metals and sulfur and therefore needs more refining.
Oil extraction
In some areas, oil boils to the surface. For example, in parts of Saudi Arabia and Iraq, porous rock allows oil to seep to the surface in small wetlands. However, most of the oil in
Oil reserves are trapped underground.
to the total amount of oil in an oil tank "oil in place"
(place-in-oil) is said. Many of the petroleum liquids that make up an oil in place reservoir are non-extractable. Drilling to obtain these petroleum liquids is very difficult, dangerous and expensive.
The part of the oil in the tank that can be extracted and refined is called the oil reserves of the tank.
The proven oil reserves of a base is the most important factor in deciding to invest in the drilling operations of a complex. Oil drilling can also be developmental, exploratory and directional.
Drilling in an area where oil reserves were found before is called development drilling.
Prudhoe Bay in Alaska is the largest oil reserve in North America.
The drilling of new wells and the development of mining technology are some of the things that make up Prudhoe Bay's development mining.
Exploratory drilling can be done in an area where there are no oil reserves. This type of drilling, which is also known as wild drilling, is a risky business with a high probability of failure.
However, what investors get from a successful exploratory drilling will encourage many to do so. For example, we can mention Glenn McCarthy. He is known as the "exploratory drilling king"; Because in the 1930s, in the large oil reservoir around the city of Houston in Texas, he managed to do 38 oil explorations and earned millions of dollars in this way.
Directional drilling occurs when you start drilling vertically in a known oil reservoir and then change the direction of your drilling by a small angle so that you can connect to other reservoirs. The first Persian Gulf war in 1991 was also due to the accusations related to Hedayati drilling.
Oil drilling methods
Today, in the oil industry, the drilling industry has the first word and is considered the owner of the power of oil companies.
Drilling is done in 2 ways:
Rotational drilling (Cable tool drilling)
Today, percussion drilling is not used much, and all wells are drilled using rota
They are almost drilled
rotary drilling
Different drilling rig systems in rotary drilling, the rig consists of different parts, each of which is composed of other components. These parts include:
(Rotational system)
1-Periodical system
2- Suspension system (Hoisting)
3- Flower circulation system
4- Energy supply part (Power system)
5- Safety section
6-Monitoring
- A) Rotational system
This system is based on two types, one is the rotary method using the drive top device and the other method is using the rotary table device.
The components of the circulatory system from top to bottom are:
1-Kelly: It is a cylindrical tube whose cross-section is square or regular hexagon. This pipe is special for drilling method with rotary table and in Top method
drive is not used.
Kel rotation (Rotary TableR): rotary table
2- The bushing ly which is located on the turntable causes the kelly to rotate, and with the rotation of the kelly, the drill pipes and, as a result, the drill starts to rotate. Of course, in the Top drive method, instead of the turntable from the Top drive is used.
Drill or Drilling pipeD
3- Drilling strings Drilling strings are cylindrical tubes that have a length of about 30 feet. First, 3 drilling strings are connected together, which are called a Stand, and then the Stands are sent into the well.
4-Collar: It is a cylindrical tube, the diameter and weight of which is greater than that of the drilling strings, and it is used to exert force on the drill.
Another use is to plumb or centralize the drill inside the well.
5-Drill (Bit): It is used for drilling formations and has different types such as pine, natural diamond, artificial, etc., each of which has its own uses, advantages and disadvantages.
System performance
In the rotary table system, a motor is located under the rotary table and causes it to rotate. The rotation of the kelly bushing, which is on the turntable, and the engagement of its teeth with the kelly teeth causes the kelly to rotate, and as a result
The drilling strings also start to rotate and at the end they transfer the rotation to the drill, transferring the rotation to the drill also allows drilling the formation.
But in the Drive Top method, none of the parts of the turntable, kelly and bushing kelly exist, and the drill pipes are directly connected to a motor that rotates them. Because with this method, the speed of changing drilling strings, adding and subtracting them is faster, this method allows the driller to drill at a higher speed than the rotary table method.
B- Suspension system (Hoisting system)
The components of this system include:
1 - The derrick skeleton on which all the components of the rig are mounted.
2- The block crown is actually a box inside which several fixed pulleys are placed.
3- Traveling block: This part is like the crown of the mast, a box inside which several pulleys are placed, and it is different from Crown
block is that the Crown block is fixed but the Traveling block is mobile.
4-Moving motor (Work Draw:) is a motor that gathers or opens the holding wires around the reel that is inside it.
5-Storage reel (storage reel:) is a reel around which the storage holding wires are gathered.
6- Holding wires: They are the wires that transfer the force from the work draw to other parts and cause the pipes to go up and down inside the well.
7-The part of the wire that comes out of the work draw and reaches the crown of the mast is called Fast line. To the last part of the dead wires
It is called line.
8- Mold (Hook: ) This tool is used in turntable systems and is used to hang the swivel on the traveling block.
9- Swivel (Swivel): This tool is also used in the turntable system, and it is actually a swivel that makes the kelly rotate easily inside the swivel.
system function
The movement of the moving box causes the movement of the drilling strings that are linked to the mold connected to the moving box. One of the functions of the suspension system is that it adjusts the weight on the drill, that is, by keeping the drilling strings suspended, it reduces the weight on the drill to zero, and by moving them down, it increases the weight on the drill. Among its other works inside and
Removing drill pipes for various purposes such as adding drill pipes, changing drill bits and other purposes.
The function of the system is that the holding wires come out of the work draw and go into the Crown block and wrap around the inner pulleys of the Crown block and Traveling block.
Then it is transferred to a fixed pulley on the other side of the rig and finally it is fixed to the base of the drilling rig on the same side, the end of the wire is wrapped around the reserve pulley so that the wire can be replaced if the wire wears out.
Drilling mud circulation system (Circulation system)
The components of this system include:
1- mud pumps (pumps) that pump the mud with pressure into the drilling strings and from there into the well
2-pipe stand: a vertical pipe from which the flower is transferred into the Kelly hose.
3-Hose Kelly: It is a return hose that transfers drilling mud from pipe stand to Kelly.
4-Kelly and drilling strings: mud reaches the drill through them and then enters the annular space between the drilling strings and the well wall.
5- The annular space (annulus): Drilling mud along with the drilling logs reach the surface from inside the annular space of the well. In fact, the space between the drilling strings and the well wall is called annular space.
6- Shale shake: It is a sieve with different meshes, each of which separates drilling logs of different sizes (larger than sand and clay) from mud.
7-Desilter and Desander: they separate the small parts of the drilling logs in clay and sand sizes that cannot be separated by the Shale shaker.
System performance:
There are usually 3 pumps in each rig, 1 pump is off (by stand), but usually ready for use, and 2 pumps are on. By pumping, the drilling is transferred from the chamber into the pipe stand and then through it
It is transferred to the Kelly hose, which is a return hose. Due to the elasticity of this hose, the swing of the swivel is prevented. After the Kelly hose, the drilling mud is transferred into the Kelly and from there to the drilling strings and the drill. The mud removed from the drill along with the drilling logs reaches the surface from inside the annular space (Annulus) and since our drilling mud is contaminated with the drilling logs,
These logs are separated by Desander, Shale shaker and Desilter and the drilling mud is sent back into the well by the pump.
Power system
This system provides the electricity and driving force needed for drilling, which includes different transistors with different powers.
Controlling system
The components of this system include:
1- Wall pipes (Casing)
Walled pipes have different tasks, for example, separating different formations from each other, preventing the mixing of fluids of different formations, etc. These wall pipes are attached to the wall of the well by cement and are also held from above.
The types of parietal tubes are:
Pipe Conductor
on which the drilling rig is mounted.
Casing Surface wall tube
which prevents oil and drilling fluids from mixing with the underground water table and polluting these waters.
Intermediate parietal tubes
If we want to separate a formation from other formations during the excavation, we use it.
Casing Production wall pipe
which is installed in the tank part of the well and when it is used, it is drilled and used.
Liner lining
These types of wall pipes do not extend to the surface, but continue to the lowest part where the previous wall pipe was laid.
BOP (Blow Out)) Blow Out Preventor
The blowout arrester is a tool that consists of a main body and a number of control valves, and during the drilling operation, it is closed on the head of the last wall pipe driven in the well. The different parts of the blowout include mud inlet and outlet valves, Annulus inlet valve, Blind rams and Shear rams, cement preventer.
Rams Shear: It is a device that when the well erupts and they cannot control its eruption, this tool removes the pipes from the well head and closes the well opening completely. This tool is mostly used in gas tank wells.
Rams Blind: Whenever there is an eruption and fluid flows out of the well from inside the drilling pipes, this tool crumples the part of the opening of the drilling pipe and prevents the fluid from exiting this way.
Preventor Annulus: Whenever eruption occurs through the annular space, this tool is tightened around the drilling pipes and closes the annular space between the drilling pipes and the well wall.
Monitoring
All the pressures in all the pressure gauges are digitally displayed on the monitor in front of the man company and this person can check all of them. This information includes the pressure, the condition of the pumps, the drilling depth, the weight on the drill, etc.
Types of drilling rigs
The types of drilling rigs are:
1 - Onshore rigs
The land rigs are divided into the following types according to their drilling capabilities and the depth they can drill:
1-1(Light) style rigs
1-2 (Heavy) heavy rigs 1-2
1-3 (Super heavy) super heavy rigs 1
1-4 portable rigs
2 - offshore rigs
They are divided into different types, which include:
1-2 floating
2-2 non-floating
2-1 The types of floating rigs are:
submersible drilling vessel
In this type, drilling is done on the ship, which requires very high technology.
semi-submersible 2-1-2
In the semi-submersible method, there are air chambers where the mast is placed on these chambers and remains floating on the water; The more we empty these large air chambers and fill them with water, the lower the level of our drilling platform is, and in this way, the level of the drilling platform can be adjusted.
2-2 Non-floating rigs
These rigs include:
2-2-1 Platform: These are fixed rigs that are no longer useful after drilling and cannot be transported.
Plat-(The height of this type of door: Jack-up 2-2-2).
The drilling platform is adjustable and the level of the drilling platform can be raised or lowered according to the height of the sea waves that occur in the area.
1-8 - Drilling problems
The entry of fluids from the formations into the well (Blow Out) The mud that is sent inside the well has a certain pressure, which is used to control the formations and the fluids in these formations. If the mud pressure is lower than the formation pressure, it causes the fluids in these formations to penetrate into the well. If this fluid is gas or water vapor, it is very dangerous; Even if the introduced fluid is liquid, it is harmful and changes the nature of our flower and can destroy our flower. The phenomenon of fluids entering from the formations into the mud is called Out Blow.
Mud loss This process is the reverse of the Blowout process, that is, the mud pressure is so high that the drilling mud penetrates into the formation and causes the drilling mud to be wasted. If this happens in the reservoir layer,
Oil and gas reservoirs are filled with solid parts of drilling mud (cake mud), which is called cobra mud, and the efficiency of the reservoir is reduced. In the best case, the loss of drilling mud causes financial damage. It should be remembered that drilling mud is the most complex fluid that mankind has achieved and it is not a cheap material.
Waste of drilling mud water (loss filler) Sometimes the mud does not enter the formation completely and only its water enters the formation, and this causes the damage of the drilling mud and reduces the efficiency of the drilling mud.
Drilling mud has the following functions:
1- It reduces the friction between the drill bit and rock layers so that the drilling goes more smoothly and the drill bit does not get stuck in the rock.
2- Transfers the heat caused by the friction between the drill bit and rock layers to the wellhead.
3- Takes out the small stones from drilling, which, if they remain at the bottom of the well, get stuck to the drill string and prevent its movement.
4- Mud cake creates a wall on the wall. In this case, some rock layers (non-reservoir) which are loose and unstable and the well opening may face the problem of falling or clogging in their place, become stable with this cover wall.
5- On the way to the reservoir layer, the well passes through many layers, some of these layers are porous and contain some fluid.
The pressure exerted by the drilling mud column on the well wall prevents these fluids from entering the well, perhaps this is the most important function of the drilling mud in the drilling stage. Stuck drilling tools in the well, some drilling tools may get stuck in the well or fall into it during drilling or other work done inside the well. It is called Stacking. Also, a part may fall into the well, in which case it should be removed with fishing methods and tools.
Falling of layers inside the well during drilling, we may reach layers that are very loose and fall into the well.
they do. Or it may be that the layer we are drilling is made of clay, and when the mud water comes into contact with that formation, it increases in volume and closes the well. The method suggested to solve this problem; It is to use mud with oil bases as much as possible by the wall pipe and cover the formation immediately (Casing). But if it is loose, it will fall into the well and may cause the drilling drill to be buried. The suggested method to prevent this problem is to design the drilling mud in such a way that a lot of cake mud is created in the place of the loose formation and prevents the formation from falling.
1-9 - Technology of drilling methods
Types of drilling methods in terms of drilling direction are:
vertical drilling
In this method, drilling is done vertically, but in every drilling, there is a deviation from the path (drift), which in the vertical method, this deviation should be very small and in the range of 1 degree to 2 degrees.
well slant drilling
In this drilling method, the connection to the axis perpendicular to the ground surface has an angle, even in vertical drilling, in one part, for example, the drilling strings get stuck on the well wall and cannot be released, and we have to use that part of the drilling pipes that Cut off the part that is stuck to the well wall and after cementing that part, bypass this area using the deviation drilling method and return to the previous drilling path.
Horizontal drilling
In this method, drilling is done at an angle of 90 degrees to the axis of the well. This type of drilling can be very economical in the reservoir rock because it increases the contact surface of the reservoir with the well, and as a result, it causes more and better harvesting from the reservoir, but this method also requires high technology.
Multi lateral drilling
This method is mostly used in wells that are located on the sea (Offshore) or offshore oil and gas platforms. In this way, drilling is done in different directions from the same platform, it is possible to drill several points in one tank or different tanks at the same time.
Balance Under Drilling: Drilling UBD
This method has a very high drilling speed, in this technique, the pressure of the drilling mud is brought under the pressure of the formation and the fluid contained in it by observing different standards so as not to cause the well to erupt. The main application of this method is in the drilling of hard formations. that if the pressure on these formations is low, the pressure of the formation itself will cause the formation to scatter and increase the drilling speed to a great extent, of course, this method requires advanced technology.
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