Petroleum and bitumen
How is oil formed?
Millions of years ago, algae and plants lived in shallow seas. After they died and sank to the seabed, organic materials were combined with other sediments and buried. Over millions of years and under high pressure and temperature, the remains of these organisms turned into what we call fossil fuels today.
This is a summary of how oil is formed.
Coal, natural gas and oil, and then natural bitumen, which is formed from oil over many years, are among the fossil fuels that are created under such conditions.
Today, oil is found in vast underground reservoirs where the seas of the past were located. Oil reserves can be found underground or under the ocean floor. Bitumen is extracted in the mountains with special machines and crude oil is extracted using huge drilling machines.
Characteristics of oil
Crude oil is usually black or dark brown, but it can have yellow, red, bronze or even green undertones. Bitumen or bitumen also has a dark brown color tending to black, this variety of color indicates special chemical compounds that have different sources of crude oil and mineral bitumen formation. In other words, these compounds have been involved in the formation of oil.
For example, the presence of metals or sulfur leads to a lighter oil color.
Diesel is an important oil derivative product that is very useful in our daily life. Diesel can be processed separately from the oil formation process and different products can be obtained from it. Car tires, refrigerators, jackets, and anesthetics are among these items.
When petroleum products such as diesel are burned to obtain energy, they produce toxic gases and large amounts of carbon dioxide. Also, burning fossil fuels strongly affects our climate and disrupts the natural balance.
Huge amounts of crude oil and natural bitumen are found under the surface of the earth and in the holes leading to the surface of the earth. Many wells have been drilled for oil extraction. It is interesting to know that oil exists even in areas much deeper than these wells.
However, it should be known that oil is not renewable like other fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas. It takes millions of years to complete the process. In other words, the formation of oil and mineral bitumen again, once we extract and consume it, there is almost no way to replace it.
Oil reserves are running out. Some experts predict that peak oil will reach 2050
will be fulfilled One of the most critical issues in the field of world energy supply is oil alternatives, and many industries have focused on this issue. Is it possible to find another way to form oil? Are we ready for the day when the world runs out of fossil fuels?
How oil is formed
What is kerogen?
The geological conditions that ultimately make it possible for oil to form took place millions of years ago, when plants, algae, and plankton accumulated in the oceans and shallow seas. These organisms sank to the bottom of the seas when their life cycle ended. Over time, they were buried under millions of tons of sediment and more layers of plant remains.
Finally, the old seas dried up and dry basins remained under the name of "sedimentary basins". Deep below the surface of this domain, organic matter is compressed between the Earth's mantle below at extremely high temperatures and millions of tons of rock and sediment above.
In these conditions, oxygen is almost completely absent, and organic materials begin to turn into waxy substances called kerogen. Kerogen is an important substance in the process of oil formation.
Oil is composed of organic substances that are stored as sediments on the seabed and are broken down and changed over millions of years. If there are source rocks, reservoir, cover and also a trap in a region, there will be the possibility of oil formation and the existence of renewable oil and gas reserves there.
Most of the world's oil and gas reserves are stored in the Norwegian continental shelf, which originates from a thick layer of black clay several thousand meters below the seabed. Black clay is a source rock, meaning that the source contains significant amounts of organic remains.
This clay was accumulated about 150 million years ago at the bottom of the sea, which covered a large part of the present-day northwestern Europe.
The seabed was stagnant and dead, in this area mainly while living water was flowing in the upper layers. In the continuation of the process of oil formation, with the death of microscopic phytoplanktons, they sank to the bottom of the sea and in massive amounts and in sediments devoid of Oxygen accumulated. Over time, they were buried in deeper areas and underwent a long process of chemical change by bacterial decomposition and became heavier as the sediment mass thickened. Finally, these processes lead to the formation of gas and liquid hydrocarbons in the source rock.
Kerogen is one of the products of anaerobic decomposition in the oil formation process, a mixture of organic compounds that slowly produce oil and gas at high pressure and temperature. In the continental shelf of Norway, the temperature increases by 25 degrees Celsius with every kilometer of depth.
After hundreds of millions of years of erosion and deposition, the source rock is buried under several kilometers of stored clay and sand. In the temperature range of 60 to 120 degrees, the process of formation of oil into production gas ends and it is mainly at higher temperatures.
As oil and gas form, they are released from the source rock, and since hydrocarbons are lighter than water, the oil and gas migrate to the upper part of the porous rock containing water. The migration of oil and gas takes thousands of years and may extend tens of kilometers before reaching a layer of impermeable rock. Also possible
Oil and gas leak into the sea
The reservoir rocks are porous and are always saturated with various combinations of water, oil and gas. They are actually reservoirs that function after the oil is formed. Most of Norway's oil reserves were formed in the Jurassic age in reservoir rocks and in large deltas and accumulated by rivers.
The main oil reserves of Gull fields
fakss, Oseberg and Stafiord Statf jord exist in the Great Brent Delta and were formed in the Jurassic era. There are also large reservoirs in sand that were formed in the sedimentary plains of the Triassic period, the shallow seas of the late Jurassic period, and also in the underground sea of the Paleogene period. In the southern part of the North Sea, thick layers of chalk consisting of skeletons
Microscopic limestone of plants and animals has formed an important storage rock.
As time, temperature and pressure increase, kerogen is affected by a process called catagenesis
genesis) is placed and converted into hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon is a simple compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon. The variety of hydrocarbons arises as a result of changing the amount of heat and pressure. Coal, peat, natural gas and natural bitumen are examples of this.
Sedimentary basins, which are actually the beds of ancient seas, are key sources of oil. in africa,
The sedimentary basin of the Niger Delta includes the lands of Nigeria, Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea. More than 500 oil reserves have been discovered in the huge Niger Delta basin, making it one of the most productive oil resources in Africa.
Chemistry and classification of crude oil
The diesel we use as fuel for our cars, the synthetic fabrics used in our bags and shoes, Johar Wax, and thousands of other efficient and different products are made of petroleum and bitumen mineral bitumen. In other words, they are a stable and reliable form of oil.
However, crude oil, which is the source of all these things, does not have their stability and integrity.
Oil chemistry
Crude oil is made up of hydrocarbons, mostly hydrogen (about 13%) compounds and carbon (about 85%). Other elements such as nitrogen (about 0.5 percent), sulfur (0.5 percent), oxygen (1 percent) and metals such as iron, nickel and copper (less than 0.1 percent) can also combine with hydrocarbons in small amounts. be combined
The way the molecules are arranged in these hydrocarbons is a result of the basic structure of algae, plants and plankton millions of years ago.
The amount of heat and pressure that the plants were exposed to is also a factor in the diversity of crude oil hydrocarbons. Because of this diversity, the crude oil that comes out of the ground can contain hundreds of different oil compounds. Light oil can contain up to 97% hydrocarbons, while heavier oils and tars may contain only 50% hydrocarbons and large amounts of other elements. Therefore, it is always necessary to prepare oil to produce different oil products.
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